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Videos

AlArabiya. “Tour in Syria.” YouTube Video, July 21, 2010. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1c6QdkWmpKo.

AlJazeera Arabic. “Discovery of Tunnels Beneath Mount Qasioun in Damascus After Assad’s Fall.” YouTube, January 7, 2025. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U5VlTNS9oKo.

Al Thalej, Hussain. “A New Beginning for Mount Qasioun.” YouTube, April 25, 2025. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SHRNUWKgSmQ.

Al Thalej, Hussain. “From the Heart of Mount Qasioun… Development Continues.” YouTube, April 28, 2025. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iNSHhtvnWpI.

Al Thalej, Hussain. “Maintenance of Mount Qasioun.” YouTube, April 25, 2025. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VNXKS2_wJ2Q.

Al Thalej, Hussain. “Maintenance Stages of Mount Qasioun.” YouTube, May 20, 2025. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCWYYB0GKAw.

Al Thalej, Hussain. “Massive Works on Mount Qasioun.” YouTube, April 2025. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ocYweeHHQk.

Al Thalej, Hussain. “Mount Qasioun: How Are They Bringing the Place Back to Life?” YouTube, April 26, 2025. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=op7cTUq-MX4.

Al Thalej, Hussain. “Mount Qasioun Rearranges Itself.” YouTube, April 25, 2025. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TonQnf5X-54.

Al Thalej, Hussain. “The Road to Mount Qasioun.” YouTube, May 2025. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TcxFOMLSwEY.

Marota City. “Syria Damascus Marota City Hospital Works.” YouTube, June 2025. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A_vXrUfp3Hk.

mazzehrevolution. “Damascus – al-Mazzeh, al-Mustafa Mosque, 20-7-2012.” YouTube, July 2012. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BxlAhjnqY8w&t=2s.

Safi, Abdalhadi. “‘How I Entered Mount Qasioun with a Password.’” YouTube, March 22, 2025. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eOeJr7yE57Q.

Safi, Abdalhadi. “Inside Mount Qasioun After Liberation.” YouTube, March 19, 2025. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=541OxoeV9WA.

Safi, Abdalhadi. “Mount Qasioun: The Cave of Blood.” YouTube Video, September 9, 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C5iQ5zFlSsY.

Soufy, Mohammed. “Tour of Mount Qasioun.” YouTube, February 12, 2025. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_oLlj6IIzEk.

Syrian2011X. “FW: حمص الوعر حاجز الإطفائية 6-11-2011.” YouTube, November 6, 2011. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zCPpUtzSLtQ.

Syria TV. “صور حصرية.. عشرات الحواجز تخنق دمشق وتحولها إلى عاصمة الرعب.” YouTube, April 4, 2018. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yaBZLuTpBsg.

ShaamNetwork S.N.N (‫شبكة شام الإخبارية‬‎). “شام حمص جورة الشياح عدم قدرة الاهالي على …‬‎.” Youtube, April 9, 2012. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uwT8G3ALzZ8

Viory Video. “‘Place with Beautiful Memories’ – Syrians Return to Mount Qasioun After 14-Year Closure.” YouTube Video, n.d. https://www.viory.video/en/videos/a3604_16122024/place-with-beautiful-memories-syrians-return-to-mount-qasioun-after-14-year-closure.

Ways of Seeing — Modos de Ver. “Shams (Damascus) from Mount Qasioun.” YouTube Video, August 3, 2008. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cUNeC4dZZ48.

Figures

Enab Baladi. “CMA CGM Container Ship Navegantes Arrives at Syria’s Port of Latakia.” Enab Baladi English, October 13, 2025. https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2025/10/cma-cgm-container-ship-navegantes-arrives-at-syrias-port-of-latakia/.

Facebook. Image (Facebook Post). October 18, 2025. Latakia Port, Syria.

Facebook. Video (Facebook Watch). Uploaded May 7, 2018. Latakia Port, Syria. Facebook Watch (Public Post).

Google Maps. Lattakia Port. Accessed October 28, 2025. https://maps.app.goo.gl/mJ2Jmmc5MwkJ3Y6n8.

Index Mundi. Graph Made from Web Record (Index Mundi). 2024. Accessed from https://www.indexmundi.com/agriculture/?country=sy&commodity=wheat&graph=production.

OpenSanctions. Web Record (Sanctions + Shipping Data). Last updated 2024. Rostov-on-Don, Russia → Latakia, Syria. Source: OpenSanctions Database; OFAC.

OpenSanctions. Web Record (Sanctions + Shipping Data). Last updated 2024. Sevastopol, Crimea → Latakia, Syria. https://www.opensanctions.org/entities/NK-3mbe9mks4xNNN5EDPaZPEX/.

OpenSanctions; OFAC; FocusEconomics. Graph Made from Web Record (Sanctions + Open Data): Syrian Arab Republic Inflation. Last updated 2024. Rostov-on-Don, Russia → Latakia, Syria.

OpenSanctions; OFAC; Syria Report. Graph Made from Web Record (Sanctions + Open Data): Chart (Duplicate). Last updated 2024. Rostov-on-Don, Russia → Latakia, Syria.

OpenSanctions; OFAC; Syria Report. Graph Made from Web Record (Sanctions + Open Data): Cigarette Imports & Tobacco Production. Last updated 2024. Rostov-on-Don, Russia → Latakia, Syria.

OpenSanctions; OFAC; Syria Report. Graph Made from Web Record (Sanctions + Open Data). Last updated 2024. https://syria-report.com/factsheet-the-syrian-tobacco-industry/. Rostov-on-Don, Russia → Latakia, Syria.

Planet Labs. Satellite Image (True Color). Various Dates, October 2025. Black Sea → Eastern Mediterranean. Accessed via Project Database / GIS Export. https://login.planet.com/u/login/identifier?state=hKFo2SByNVdIUE5xaWI0bVYtOUxGZW5OcXRwRE5BZHl2ck5vRqFur3VuaXZlcnNhbC1sb2dpbqN0aWTZIDdKbHlDUWM1bGlicnNRMkplcV95ak1pdFdkU2dVbVJfo2NpZNkgSHNiMEx1TlpKY1dxaVk5WWxPVnd5SjczQUhtQVlVbUY.

Planet Labs / Sentinel. Satellite Image (Sentinel Hub / Planet). October 17, 2025. Latakia Port, Syria. Planet Explorer.

Planet Labs / Sentinel. Satellite Image (Sentinel Hub / Planet). October 18, 2025. Latakia Port, Syria. Planet Explorer.

@kattyfun1. Tweet (Image + Data). Posted approximately October 22, 2025. Twitter/X.

@YorukIsik. Tweet (Image). October 21, 2025. Latakia Port and Eastern Mediterranean. Twitter/X. https://x.com/YorukIsik/status/1976104022735274106.

Reuters. Graph Made from Web Record (Reuters). August 18, 2025. Accessed from https://archive.is/E84he#selection-1015.0-1015.63.

Sentinel Hub / ESA. Satellite Image (True Color, Sentinel Hub EO Browser). October 7, 2025. Sevastopol Port, Crimea (44.6249°N, 33.5503°E). https://apps.sentinel-hub.com/eo-browser/?zoom=17&lat=44.62493&lng=33.55033&themeId=DEFAULT-THEME&visualizationUrl=U2FsdGVkX19E7zntgQxjFYe6sookKVDV%2FpOkEW0Jzm5B4Fxff8jR1r8zRRJHn62vRGoJwyx3j3qKjs2KXc4q5%2BOPIOp0%2BBCFGrpJF1uRQa6ziyXzYG68Mx0VmQWtzP4e&datasetId=S2L2A&fromTime=2025-10-07T00%3A00%3A00.000Z&toTime=2025-10-07T23%3A59%3A59.999Z&layerId=1_TRUE_COLOR&demSource3D=%22MAPZEN%22.

U.S. Army Map Service. [Damascus] Damas 1958: 1:10,000, Edition 2-AMS, Series K922. 1958. https://maps.lib.utexas.edu/maps/world_cities/txu-oclc-44821944-damas-1958.jpg.

United Nations Satellite Centre (UNOSAT). “Damage Density in the Cities of Homs, Aleppo, Hama, Deir Ez Zor, Ar Raqqa, and Daraa, Syria.” November 18, 2014.